The provincial budget season is winding down, with just PEI and Newfoundland and Labrador still to table their FY26/27 documents. Here are five themes: Deep deficits persist:A few provinces are slipping deeper into the red, while a few are moving to slightly shallower shortfalls. As a group, the chunky $40 billion deficit for the fiscal year just ending (FY25/26) will persist in FY26/27, with a combined shortfall of $46.7 billion expected. Thats a manageable 1.4% of GDP, but topped only twice in the past two decades: at the depth of the pandemic, and the depth of the financial crisis. Certainly uncertain: This years budget season acknowledged the wild uncertainty in macroeconomic conditions. But, unlike last year, where every province seemingly took a different approach to setting an economic outlook (assume tariffs, no tariffs, publish different scenarios, etc.), this year was largely based on a normal baseline economic outlook and a status quo on trade policy. With that in mind, the group overall has embedded more than $10 billion of contingencies into the FY26/27 fiscal plan, leaving some room for upside if the economy holds up. Revenue gusher (for some):The two big oil-producing provinces locked in their budgets ahead of the conflict in Iran and associated surge in oil prices. Now, budget assumptions look wildly conservative. Alberta assumed $60.50 for WTI this fiscal year and Saskatchewan assumed $59.80 (Newfoundland Labrador still to be tabled). At current levels for WTI, the light-heavy differential and the loonie, we could see upwards of $20 billion of revenue upside in those two provinces alone, swinging both well back into surplus. Debt climbing:The combined provincial net debt-to-GDP ratio is looking to push 32% in FY26/27, which would be a fourth consecutive increase from the post-pandemic lows. Recall that there was meaningful fiscal consolidation during that period when inflation and nominal growth were ripping. Interestingly, debt ratios dont look any worse than they did a year ago thanks to hefty upward nominal GDP revisions, but the provinces are clearly still open to borrowing. This years long-term borrowing program is on pace to run at around $140 billion, just a shade lower than seen over the prior two years and the pandemic high. Indeed, while the combined provincial deficit is running at $47 billion this fiscal year, combined net debt is going to surge by $80 billion, or 2.5% of GDP, which is more reflective of underlying finances. Combined with the federal government, this truer fiscal gap in Canada is closer to 4.5% of GDP. Policy steady:There were no show-stopping policy changes at the provincial level this budget season. While there were no major tax changes, some provinces nudged taxes higher (e.g., B.C. broadening the PST base and lifting income taxes), while others pushed through some targeted policy (e.g., Ontario expanding the HST rebate on new homes to all buyers). In general, the provinces continue to focus heavily on infrastructure, still catching up to past population growth (hence the hefty borrowing program), while program spending looks to run strong at more than 4% overall. The federal government continues to do more of the stimulus leg work, and that could continue with any new measures announced in the upcoming federal fiscal update. https://economics.bmo.com/en/publications/detail/9e701117-9175-40fe-88de-28a0ccfc3a3c/